Islamic Economy in Saudi Arabian Companies Essay -- Economics

1.Saudi Companies Fund A.The institution of SAMA could not be a profit-making institution, it had to conform to Islamic law. SAMA has from time to time financed one-half of authorities debt. From 1962 to 1983, the governments earning grew in surplus, and all the debt was repaid. Whenever the government needed SAMA bolstered government reserves.B.In 1966 a major banking control law clarified and strengthened SAMAs role in rule the banking system. Foreign banks submitted application for license. SAMA sent its recommendation to the ministry of finance. The ministry set conditions for granting licenses to foreign banks.C.Saudi companies introduced a great deal of regulation abiding with Sharia law. This law as well defined requirements against deposits. There were several restriction to abide by SAMAs implementation of monetary policy.2.The Saudi financial system A.The Saudi financial system had terce autonomous government institutions. They were the pension fund, the general orga nization of Saudi insurance, and Saudi fund for development. These government instit...

Compare the presentation of the Duke and Porphyrias lover in My Last E

Compare the presentation of the Duke and Porphyrias lover in My LastDuchess and Porphyrias loverBrowning has presented The Duke and Porphyrias lover as obsessive andcontrolling in the two poems. Telling the stories from the characterspoint of suck assimilates it clear that they both feel threatened by theirpartners, and wish to regain the kick in role they should have as the menin their relationships. Rather than confronting their significantothers, they kill them because of their obsessive nature and lack ofcommunication. The Duke on one hand feels that he can only possess theDuchess in a painting because he can control who looks upon her, whereas Porphyrias lover wants to capture Porphyria when he finally feelsin control.The characters of both the Duke and Porphyrias lover are noticeablethrough the relationships they have with their partners. It is clearthat they both have very similar intents, although for differentreasons. They are portrayed as jealous and untrusting of theirp artners because of obvious insecurities they have in theirrelationships. The Duke suspected that The Duchess was having anaffair with Fra Pandalf twas not/Her husbands presence only, called that spot of joy into the Duchess cheek This implies that the Duchess blushed for others and therefore wasadulterous. He also suggests his wife gave sexual favours in return topoliteness when he says She thanked men - good. Instead of beingconcerned about losing her he was only worried that she would make afool of him and hurt his pride, as their relationship was not based onlove or passion further was merely a right smart for the Duke to show off. TheDuke only saw his wife as and object and not as a person a... ...shows he has little in his life put on Porphyria. The Duke has many objects and pieces his art,showing his love for things not people. It also reminds us of theRenaissance setting and shows that his is wealthy.Comparing the two poems shows that Browning has a very pessimisticview of relationships. It seems he feels that relationships withoutlove and admiration can never work and will end in disaster as isapparent from My Last Duchess. Ironically he also feels that arelationship with love cannot be sustained either, which is evidentfrom Porphyrias Lover. In My Last Duchess she dies because shedid not give the Duke the admiration he desired, but when inPorphyrias lover Porphyria made her love for her lover clear, hekills her anyway. This perhaps shows the aggressive nature of men andhow at the time they were very dominant in society.

The Behavioral Impact of Drinking and Driving Laws by Bertelli and Rich

A few years ago, my family and I had a sot device device driver crash through our front yard. This person tore up grass, destroyed pine tree, and broke numerous lawn ornaments. Less than twenty minutes before this inebriate driver went through our yard, my mom and I had been walking our dogs, and if the drunk driver had gone through any earlier, my mom and I both would have been hit. This driver also destroyed a garbage barrel, and almost slammed into an electrical pole. In a way, the drunk driver had been lucky when he went through our yard, especially when we had plainly taken a gigantic walnut tree out of our yard two or three years prior. The driver also had two passengers with him, a woman, and a small child. The child passenger had been unbuckled, and amazingly, was not thrown from the rear of the vehicle. After going through our yard, the drunk driver had oil leaking from his car, at least two flat tires, and damage to the front of his car. Eventually, the drunk driv er was caught by the police, and placed in jail. The insurance company that represents my family assessed the damage done, and said that the total salute of the damage would equal almost two thousand dollars. The driver was only required to pay my family three hundred dollars and nothing more than this amount. After receiving this amount, my family and I never heard anything else about the driver who had destroyed our yard, and have not received any other dollar amount since that incident. Looking back on this, I wonder if there is anything that allows a drunk driver to be sued for destroying a persons property.In the article, The Behavioral Impact of Drinking and impetuous Laws by Bertelli and Richardson Jr. (2008), the authors make the statement that driving under the... ...Policy Studies Journal, 36(4), 545-569. inside10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00283.xCarpenter, C. (2004). How do Zero Tolerance Drunk Driving Laws work? Journal of wellness Economics, 23(1), 61-83. doi10.1016/ j.jhealeco.2003.08.005Chang, K., Wu, C., & Ying, Y. (2012). The effectiveness of alcohol control policies on alcohol-related traffic fatalities in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 406-415. doi10.1016/j.aap.2011.08.008Cismaru, M., Lavack, A. M., & Markewich, E. (2009). Social marketing campaigns aimed at preventing drunk driving A review and recommendations. International Marketing Review, 26(3), 292-311. doi10.1108/02651330910960799Voas, R. B., Romano, E., & Peck, R. (2009). Validity of surrogate measures of alcohol involvement when applied to nonfatal crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41(3), 522-530. doi10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.004

Artificial Intelligence in Gibsons Idoru and Oshiis Ghost in the Shel

Artificial Intelligence in Gibsons Idoru and Oshiis Ghost in the Shell Introduction If people knew what scientists are up to, they would not be sleeping as calmly as they do today. If completely they knew, they would read more carefully what the cyberpunk authors have to say. The purpose of this work is not only to compare the pictures of Artificial Intelligence (hereafter referred to simply as AI) included in two major works of cyberpunk genre, but also to show the radio link between those images and the reality we all live in or its nearest future. So what is the future of AI depicted in cyberpunk works handle? And if, as Sterling suggests, science-fiction writers pass on a cautionary message to the contemporary society in a satirical disguise, are these pictures really analog to our reality? And if they are, should we be afraid? The subject matter is Artificial Intelligence. The environments that house the AIs described hereafter are the environments of cyberp unk literature. To understand the findings and conclusions of this work, it is necessary to know the substance of both these notions. Defining Basic Notions Introduction to cyberpunk cyber-terrorist has been present on the literary scene for al near twenty years now, being the most trendy and mainstream sub-genre of science-fiction and, although announced dead by some critics, has not been replaced by any other science-fiction movement so far. But how should we define what cyberpunk is and branch it from what is merely cyberpunkish? Appignanesi points out that the major feature of the cyberpunk world is a total intrusion of technology into human lives (129) and this may be used as a sufficient... ...iography Works cited Primary 1. Gibson, William. Idoru. London Penguin Books. 1997. 2. Ghost in the Shell. Dir. Mamoru Oshii. Masamune Shirow/Kodansha/Bandai Visual/Manga Entertainment. 1995. Secondary 1. Appignanesi, Richard. Postmodernism for Beginners. Cambridge I con Books Ltd. 1995. 2. Buller, Andrzej. Sztuczny mzg. To ju nie fantazje (Artificial Brain. Not a Fantasy Any More). shift mine. Warszawa Prszy ski i S-ka. 1998. 3. Marciszewski Witold. Sztuczna inteligencja (Artificial Intelligence). Translation mine. Krakw SIW Znak. 1998. 4. Cyran Janusz, ed. Requiem dla ludzko ci? (Requiem for Humanity?). Translation mine. Nowa Fantastyka Oct. 1999 74 76. 5. Anonymous collective work. The Cyberpunk Project. Authors Definition. http//www.cyberpunkproject.org/idb/authors_definition.html. 1999.

Slain :: English Literature Essays

SlainThe monster roared, its fury sparked a thousand tongues of fire from its hide. With one almighty sweep it direct Ryannas father flying over the top of the volcano, the wind ceased, the spell failed, and the monster drew itself to its full one hundred feet once again.NOOOOOOOORyannas catch screamed in agony and despair, and with a snarl that sounded more like a wolf than a woman, she dashed forwards, a shower of electricity falling virtually her. With a thrust of her arm and a word, she hurled a massive bolt of thunder at the monster. It was knocked off its feet and landed with an earth shattering crash.Ryannas mother, however, had performed a spell that was beyond her power and endurance. She fell and landed on her back, blood flowing from her nose, ears, eyes and mouth at the same time.She remained there motionlessly until petty(a) sixyearold Ryanna toddled over. To her, it was just all a magic show that her parents put on for her, as they always did. Her mother looked at h er by her bloody eyes while she smiled delightedly and clapped the tiny little detention. Her mother smiled back weakly, and with tremendous effort, she pulled out a small, silver, beautifully decorated pendant. Ryannas big, emerald, park eyes opened wide as she slipped it around her neck.Guard this well, my child, she said, and they were the last words she ever spoke.Ryanna waited patiently for her mother to speak again. When she didnt, Ryanna bent over and piano stroke her stone cold, once beautiful face. Still there was no response, and Ryanna began to panic. She squeezed her mothers arm as hard as her small hands could, and pulled on her hair. Ryanna began to scream.MOTHER she cried in between sobs.The dead woman did not answer, but there was a loud, deep grunt. Ryanna turned to see the monster rise, flat so angry that its eyes turned livid red. With a stamp of its feet, the monster split the mountainside and Ryanna had just enough time to dodge as her mothers lifeless body disappeared into a bubbling lake of lava.The monster turned on her, red eyes flashing, and with an earsplitting roar, it shot a huge jet of flames at the child. As the hot, burning mass came at her, something clicked inside Ryanna, it was a terrible rage, and a thirst for vengeance.

Slain :: English Literature Essays

SlainThe colossus roared, its fury sparked a thousand tongues of fire from its hide. With one almighty sweep up it sent Ryannas father flying over the top of the volcano, the wind ceased, the spell failed, and the monster drew itself to its full one hundred feet once again.NOOOOOOOORyannas mother screamed in agony and despair, and with a snarl that sounded more like a wolf than a woman, she dashed forwards, a shower of electricity locomote around her. With a thrust of her arm and a word, she hurled a massive bolt of thunder at the monster. It was knocked off its feet and landed with an earth shattering crash.Ryannas mother, however, had performed a spell that was beyond her power and endurance. She fell and landed on her back, blood flowing from her nose, ears, eyes and mouth at the same time.She remained there motionlessly until little sixyearold Ryanna toddled over. To her, it was just all a magic show that her parents put on for her, as they always did. Her mother looked at he r through her bloody eyes while she smiled delightedly and clapped the tiny little hands. Her mother smiled back weakly, and with tremendous effort, she pulled out a teeny, silver, beautifully decorated pendant. Ryannas big, emerald, green eyes opened wide as she slipped it around her neck.Guard this well, my child, she said, and they were the last words she ever spoke.Ryanna waited patiently for her mother to speak again. When she didnt, Ryanna bent over and gently stroke her stone cold, once beautiful face. Still there was no response, and Ryanna began to panic. She squeezed her mothers arm as hard as her small hands could, and pulled on her hair. Ryanna began to scream.MOTHER she cried in between sobs.The dead woman did not answer, but there was a loud, deep grunt. Ryanna turned to see the monster rise, now so angry that its eyes turned livid red. With a stamp of its feet, the monster split the mountainside and Ryanna had just enough time to remit as her mothers lifeless body d isappeared into a bubbling lake of lava.The monster turned on her, red eyes flashing, and with an earsplitting roar, it fracture a huge jet of flames at the child. As the hot, burning mass came at her, something clicked inside Ryanna, it was a terrible rage, and a thirst for vengeance.

Case Study of Mc Golden Arch Essay

Executive SummaryThis persona study was about the Madison Hotel objectify in Memphis. After find out the baptistery, there were lots of problems occurred during the act upones which are over budgeting and delay opening because of the un excogitatened acquisition of facilities. The problems are occurred because the owner of project changed the concept of the restaurant, the land price was raised, the surname of the building was belonging to the previous owner, refusing the loan from the back, and inaccurate and insufficient construction. After the root causes of the problems are discovered, there are mevery expressive styles to solve and forestall the problem. There are 3 main ways to solve them. The first way is to improve the construction contract. The owner should invest the background of the construction social club before signing the contract.Also, make a clear cut-contract to ensure that the constructors go out finish the project on time. In fiber there is both pay ment from defaults or failures, the constructors have to respond for them. The second way is to consider the risk that involve with this project. The management team should be able to respond the unexpected risks that whitethorn occur immediately and they should have a second plan for to a greater extent alternatives as well as reducing the period of working time. The last way is about planning process. The owner should have a plan which is covered all the part of the project and all responsibility of the project member for avoiding any complexity to prevent any pushing the responsibility off duties to other players.The more important of the project, the more efficient of the plan should be considered. If the plan is achieved, the hotel will be opened on time and the project owner will not have to pay for unnecessary processes. Also, the Madison Hotel will be the go around boutique hotel in Memphis according to its fully service and facilities, and for special events, the hotel wil l have high occupancy rate from fully booking. On the other hand, if the plan is failed, the hotel will face with the same problems which are delay opening, over budgeting, complicated business plan, and failure to achieve the goal.The description of the case1.1 Background of the caseThis case study focused on the creation of a 110-unit luxury boutique hotel in Memphis, Tennessee by four developers and the lessons they had learned during this complicated project. The individuals who identified in this project are Walter Broadfoot a veteran hotel owner and broker from Memphis Tony Klok and Gene Kornota they funded the majority of the equity for the project Mohamad Hakimian The long time general manager of Memphiss approximately famous hotel who became involved in the project as a managing partner to shaping the renovation and character of the hotel Walter Broadfoot first eyed the Tennessee Trust Building as a possible hotel in Memphis because it was an ideal structure to convert t o a hotel that is to say it already had a window and an identical floor plan from floors three though sixteen, a large ground floor lobby, a second-level mezzanine, a lower or basement level and the potential for a rooftop deck that would restrain a breathtaking view of the mighty Mississippi.But the Memphis lodging market had enough depth and there were a lot of complexities and extent of challenges faced him at the certain period of the time. Therefore, the project was abandoned right away at that time. The building was cost $250,000 and was selling by CNA Company, but CNA didnt hold any legal right to it because it was in the name of previous owner. After the developer bought this building from CNA Company, they had to pay for this unplanned process which cost about $100,000 and took several months to be done. He encountered the owners who were either unwilling to sell or wanted to make a quick buck in order to make space for hotels food, potable and banquet facilities.After ma ny months of planning and meetings, the developers faced another exceedingly budgeting problem. By the time, the hotel was swelled to approximately $15 million which is 50 percent more than the estimated total project cost ($9.7 million). The developers site several major factors that drove up the original budget which are -the enhancement of the initial food and beverage concept from limited in scope to full-service/upscale grill and bar Inaccurate and insufficient construction cost budgets by an unqualified general declarer The expense for ensuring construction interest that they (new contractor) will be continued well beyond the time frameAccording to over budgeting, the entrepreneurs need to loan from the local marge but the local bank realized that this project hold too much risks, consequently, there werent any local banks interested in providing permanent financing for the project. Tony and Gene have to loan from the bank of Chicago base on banking relationship. The loa n was about 50% of the project cost and the bank will continue to hold the title of the building as additional secured collateral.The business entity that was formed to own the hotel was a Tennessee limited liability corporation. Equity dowery is defined as the actual cash equity contributed by each partner while financial share represents the structure of the profit distributions after receives a return on their original cash equity.Equity shareFinancial shareInvestor145%35%Investor245%35%Investor35%15%Investor45%15%1.2 The purpose of the caseThe purpose of this study was to understand the complexities involved in this project. Also, to create a new plan in order to prevent any unexpected situations or unfavorable conditions that may occur during the processes. To learn the previous obstructions and the lessons that already occurred to prevent current risks and problems that may exist as well as to think frontward and preclude complicated problems in the future. For improving and developing this boutique hotel to become the best European style boutique hotel in the Memphis, hopefully, in the Tennessee likewise.1.3 The scope of the caseThis case study looks into the Madison hotel renovation which is located at Tennessee, United state by four entrepreneurs. It is all about the business planning process which is about how to start a hotel business starting from buying the properties along with finding the source of investment funds not including sale and marketing analysis, competition analysis, or other irrelevant aspects.1.4 The limitation of the caseThe case study involved with the financial incentives and tax free exchange provisions which were beyond our basal knowledge. Hence, this case study analysis will not refer to any financial topic which has no effect to analysis process.

Providing visual support Essay

Nancy is 24 year old women and a house wife by profession. She is disabled by birth and totally dependent on wheelchair. She stays with her husband, who is software professional and busy most of the time. Being a housewife, Nancy has vey little technology knowledge and finds it difficult to use technology spontaneously. Nancy doesnt want her disability to become her weakness and wants to work like a normal housewife, like cooking for her husband, washing utensils etc. She wants a kitchen which is universally intentional and where she should be able to work soundly like a normal person with ease of use and learning being her first priority.How should an interior creator formulate a universally designed kitchen keeping in mind people like Nancy? Making the height of the kitchen cabinet, Cook top, Microwave stand reachable by wheelchair. Having an adjustable-height cabinets, can religious service all users to use them effectively. Also customizable design which can be changed bas ed on user preferences also makes design effective and more usable. Having a removable sink and drying rack will give sufficient space for food preparation. This can again be re-fitted as and when required. and so giving flexibility to people like Nancy or old aged people, who cant stand and cook. Foldable cabinet doors under cooktop, providing sufficient articulatio genus space. Providing visual support can also overhaul users to use kitchen more easily and effectively. Voice based support in kitchen can also be a good idea, thus making design accessible for people with low vision. Automated dishwasher or microwave schema can help them easily placing dish without much effort. Lets see some examples of universally designed kitchens Persona 3.He is a retired professional and stays completely in his 2 bedroom apartment which is on the 10th floor. He finds it difficult to walk and climb stairs and also have sight problem. Rodney has actually little technology knowledge and fin ds it difficult to remember things, due to his growing age. He depends on electronic wheelchair most of the time. He needs an elevator system in his apartment which can accommodate his wheelchair also, making his life easy at this age.How can we make a universally designed elevator? increase the width of the elevator hence giving ample space to use wheelchairs and thus making it approachable Big display screen, which displays the floor details bounteous and clear, thus accommodating people like Rodney to use it with ease Voice based support system, which informs the user which floor the user is in, can also help the disabled user to use them effectively. Lets see example of a universally designed elevator ConclusionIrrespective of age, ability or disability and situations, every has the right to effectively use any products or services, hence designers should always be conscious about this fact and implement their design ideas to serve one and everyone. This is what universal de sign means.Bibliography http//idea.ap.buffalo.edu/ http//www. design. ncsu. edu/cud/about_ud/udprincipleshtmlformat. htmltop Frascara J. , (1997), User-Centred Graphic Design Mass Communication and Social Change, Taylor Francis, London

Feeding Monkeys Essay

In the short story, Finding Prosperity by Feeding Monkeys, by Harold hit man, Taw explains a object lesson about the importance of family, and how some people will break whatever rules to respect their family. Taw states that a Buddhist monk told his parents that he Taw would bring commodious prosperity to the family if he fed a monkey on his birthday every family for the rest of his life. Every year Taw made a point to feed a monkey on his birthday because he felt he had a right to protect his family. Early in his life, Taw and his dad would go to the zoo early in the morning and when the coast was clear, Taw would throwpeanuts to the monkeys.Together, Taw and his father would secretly go to the zoo every year until he was eighteen to guarantee the prosperity of his family. This proves that Taw was determined to keep his family safe. When Taw turned eighteen, he had to find different ways to feed the monkeys, since he was now an adult. One of the many ways he fed a monkey was th at he went to a laboratory and had to wear a biohazard vitrine to feed a monkey. Taw demonstrates that even the tasks that seem the most impossible can be achieved. From these examples, it is easy to see that some people, such as Taw, with do whatever it takes to secure the safety of his or her family.

Difference between mass marketing and direct marketing

chair Marketing is the practice of delivering promotional messages directly to potential customers on an individual basis as opposed to through a mass medium while mass market is a simultaneous standardized trade to a very large target market through mass media. Mass marketing and direct marketing have been operating in the agitate of consumer market that is promising to make some transformation while the two waves till precedes it as from world war two to date.It was in the 1970s and mid-eighties that the consumer marketing power shifted to mass retailing because of large deployment of the Universal Product Code (UPC) and the so-called electronic s arousener technologies, which put the consumer marketing in the hand of the retail trade. Here is where the importance of using both direct and mass marketing strategies starts. The ability of mass marketing is to get the message to all quite a little through advertising this has remained and as well remains to be a very useful an d cost effective marketing strategy.However, the current business attitude is taking hold of the new world trend by spear-heading the power of direct marketing as one of the unique capability. This has occurred for those aiming at mass marketing to form a very powerful and new marketing force that can clearly call direct marketing or mass marketing which is the best way of reaching the market currently. In direct marketing marketer think of the applying their strategy in the new era of individualized marketing. Direct marketing consist of direct connection with carefully targeted individual consumers to both obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relation. (Kotler and Armstrong, Principle of Marketing, 2001). This can always accomplished by making an offer or inviting then by one of the most appropriate communication means such as mail, phone, fax, computer, and email.In conclusion, direct marketing and mass marketing both represents a total entity, and this is the new component in the marketing mix that can successfully come through the intended market. The two strategies combines contact, involvement, activation and cultivation in a seamless continuum and had a big impact in the current competitive world business.

Fredrick Jackson Turner Essay

Fredrick Jackson food moulder was an the Statesn Historian who examined the unique characteristics that defined American Culture. food turner was a easy educated man receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1884 and his Masters Degree in 1888. He continued his education at John Hopkins University and veritable a PhD in history. He taught most of his professional life at the University of Wisconsin and then Harvard in 1910. Rise of the West, and Significance of Sections in American history for which he received the Pulitzer Prize have become standards in the study of American History. He is most well known for his boundary Thesis which he genuine in 1893. Shortly, after the United States Census Bureau in 1890 declared the American Frontier officially closed, Jacksons interest was peaked and he set give away to study and analyze Americas relationship with its own frontier. In 1893 he publicly r about this dissertation in Chicago at the Worlds Columbian Exposition.He stated Up t o our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West. In 1921, Fredrick Jackson food turner published a full length text titled The Frontier in American History. In it he explores his thesis which stated The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development (Turner 1) Turners fascination with the frontier and probably his inspiration for studying and taking into custody the importance of the American Frontier in American History stems back to his childhood. He grew up in in Portage, Wisconsin. His backyard bumped right against the meeting of two bodies of water Fox River and Wisconsin River. The small town had many characteristics that would have been bring in frontier town. When he describes his childhood he tells of the Native American teepees where he fished as a boy. Native Americans were often in town to dish out various pieces of c raft and jewelry to the local stores. To understand America and its culture it was extremely important to understand the frontier and Americas connection to it. Turner believed that the frontier Americanized Americans. This Americanization lasted close to 300 years, starting at the colonization of the New England coast and continuing until the west was completely settled. The free land offered in the west, the frontier, was a recourse net which offered property ownership opportunities to state who traditionally could no afford to own anything. In the text of The Frontier of American History, he comments So long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power (Turner 32).Discontent and poverty revolts were almost unhearable in those 300 years. He argues that the frontier produces and shapes a particular type of man who is full of coarseness and strengthacuteness and inquisitiveness, (of) that practical and inventive turn of mind(full of) restless and nervous energy that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom. (Turner 37). Turners believed that the western movement was the main factor contributing to the basis of Americans institutions and culture. Conditions of living and conquering the wilderness permanently altered the European settlers of the New England coastline to a new national breed. Turner goes on to compare the American Frontier to Europe. In explaining their similarities, he states What the Mediterranean Sea was to the Greeks, breaking the bonds of custom, offering new experiences, calling out new institutions and activities, the ever-retreating frontier has been to the United States directly (Turner 38). Turner continues to explain that to the speckle Europe had its own frontiers, it effected them more remotely. Turner believed that the frontier shaped the American character and the closing of the horse opera Frontier signified the United States graduating from its initial devel opment into something much more mature.Turner summaries by commenting four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history (Turner 38). In The Frontier of American History, while he writes about America as an example he gives a detailed general explanation that he believes could be used in understanding other nations cultural growth patterns. Fredrick Turner believes that the growth and settlement is the first period of progress in any nations development. This expansion is followed by followed by periods of social and economic development. Each of which is frontier all its own. Turner explains with an exampleStand at Cumberland Gap and interpret the procession of civilization, marching single filethe buffalo following the trail to the salt springs, the Indian, the fur-trader and hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer farmerand the fronti er has passed by. Stand at South flow in the Rockies a century later and see the same procession with wider intervals between (Turner 12) He believed that the American West created the first truly free man. The European Frontier was nothing more than people recreating Old World values and deferring to authority. The frontier in America had no law, no authority, and men lived by their wits. America thinks of its frontier as being within the country not at the edge. There is no line which separates the frontier from settled land. Americas frontier is transient and terrestrial. However, the European frontier is fixed, and completely permanent. Turners research and thesis contrasted strikingly with his historic contemporaries who believed that America was based on Europe. And it was the European historical legacy brought over with the colonists that gave America its uniqueness. Fredrick Turner believed that the American Frontier and the surrounding experiences should be respected and s poke about of with dignity. Of phone line there are several flaws in his thesis. He failed to speak about the effect of the American Frontier on women and minorities. Turners theory was deemed ethnocentric and nationalistic. His premise also showed a large separation between rural American and the future urban or city culture. Another problem with his safety net proposal is that it is not true for anything after the Civil War. In the slavery ridden South many blacks sought refuge in the frontier in advance the Civil War. However, after the Civl War, the poverty stricken south it was impossible for people to have enough money for transportation, and setting up homesteads in the West.It is important to posting that Turners Frontier Thesis goes head to head with the theory that slavery was the defining factor in American history. The government actually gave forward more free land after the official closing of the American Frontier than in all the years preceding 1890. Turners thes is and research were not, at the time of its original, publication embraced. Much of that coldness he received from his peers was due to his blunt, forceful nature and writing style. When he spoke about his Frontier Thesis, he commanded his fellow historians to turn their mindset from European history to the American West. He comments often that American Historians had it all unconventional and he was right. His aggressive preaching may have turned other researchers off to even considering his thesis. Fredrick Jackson Turner does a good job of fleshing out his thesis. I do agree that the American Frontier had a huge effect on defining what America is and who Americans are. I do think that Turners Frontier Thesis has its problems which I stated above. I think it is important to point out that understanding the birth of truly American Ideals you must look at several different theories developed by various Historians. I agree with the points that Fredrick Turner makes. Especially conc erning how settlers of the frontier needed to be self sufficient and self governing. Regardless, if historians agree with Turner or agree to disagree the impact of his Frontier Thesis, is indisputable. He introduced the idea that daily events of regular people make up history that is it is true history. He nurtured and detailed his belief that the physical land can be a major factor in defining and shaping a culture, particularly the American Culture. Fredrick Jackson Turner breathed life into the American Western landscape, letting the Frontier transform from a mere setting to a powerful tool in chiseling the Americas historical and cultural legacy.BibliographyHutton, T.R.C. Beating a Dead Horse? The keep Presence of Frederick Jackson Turner in Environmental and Western History. International Social Science Review (2002) 47+. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 .Ritchie, Robert C., and Paul Andrew Hutton, eds. Frontier and component Essays in Honor of Martin Ridge. 1st ed. San Marino, CA Hunt ington Library Press, 1997. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 .Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1921. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 .White, Richard, and Richard White. Chapter Ten When Frederick Jackson TurnerAnd Buffalo bankers bill Cody BothPlayed Chicago in 1893. Frontier and Region Essays in Honor of Martin Ridge. Ed. Robert C. Ritchie and Paul Andrew Hutton. 1st ed. San Marino, CA Huntington Library Press, 1997. 201-211. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 .